Interaction of intense laser beams with electrons. X-ray two-photon absorption competing against single and sequential multiphoton processes. Double core-hole creation by sequential attosecond photoionization. Stimulated electronic X-ray Raman scattering. Unveiling and driving hidden resonances with high-fluence, high-intensity X-ray pulses. Atomic inner-shell X-ray laser at 1.46 nanometres pumped by an X-ray free-electron laser. Double core-hole production in N2: Beating the Auger clock. Ultraintense X-ray induced ionization, dissociation, and frustrated absorption in molecular nitrogen. Nonlinear atomic response to intense ultrashort X rays. Femtosecond electronic response of atoms to ultra-intense X-rays. Compton scattering of X rays from bound electrons. Structure Determination by X-ray Crystallography (Springer, 2003).Ĭompton, H. X-ray Diffraction (Addison-Wesley, 1969).

The Optical Principles of the Diffraction of X-rays (Ox Bow Press, 1982). The high-energy photons show an anomalously large redshift that is incompatible with a free-electron approximation for the ground-state electron distribution, suggesting an enhanced nonlinearity for scattering at large momentum transfer. We measure a signal from solid beryllium that scales quadratically in intensity, consistent with simultaneous non-resonant two-photon scattering from nearly-free electrons. Here we report the observation of one of the most fundamental nonlinear X-ray–matter interactions: the concerted nonlinear Compton scattering of two identical hard X-ray photons producing a single higher-energy photon. The X-ray intensity reached 4 × 10 20 W cm −2, corresponding to an electric field well above the atomic unit of strength and within almost four orders of magnitude of the quantum-electrodynamic critical field. At high intensities, such as produced at free-electron lasers, nonlinearities can become important, and the probe may no longer be considered weak. Because of this very short wavelength, X-rays ca… Radiology, Radiology is a branch of medical science in which various forms of radiant energy are used to diagnose and treat disorders and diseases.X-ray scattering is typically used as a weak linear atomic-scale probe of matter. Thousands of experiments have since shown that light can exhibit both wave and particle behavior, a property called wave-particle duality.Īt the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum, x rays provide a unique window on some of the hottest and most violent objec… X-ray Spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry An analytical method which can be used to determine the concentration of a wide range of chemical elements, using the… Arthur Holly Compton, Compton, Arthur HollyĪrthur Holly Compton, who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927 for his discovery of the eff… X Ray, X-rays are electromagnetic waves, like light waves, but with a wavelength about 1,000 times smaller. Compton received the 1927 Nobel Prize in physics for his work. Compton ’s x ray scattering experiments provided additional evidence that light does exhibit particle like behavior. This photon model for light still needed further experimental confirmation. In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879 –1955) explained the photoelectric effect, the effect that causes solar cells to produce electricity, by assuming that light can occur in discrete particles called photons. The frequency of the x ray decreases as it loses energy to the electron. The energy and frequency of light and other electromagnetic radiation are related so that a lower frequency x-ray photon has a lower energy. The x ray loses energy and momentum to the electron as the electron begins to move. The x-ray photon scattering off an electron behaves similarly. It also loses some of its momentum and kinetic energy to the 8 ball as the 8 ball begins to move. When the cueball strikes the 8 ball, which was initially at rest, the cue ball is scattered at some angle. Only the cue ball and 8 ball are left on the table. The amount the frequency changes depends on the scattering angle, the angle that the x ray is deflected from its original path. Compton found the x rays that scattered off the electrons had a lower frequency (and longer wavelength) than they had before striking the electrons.

Compton (1892 –1962) did experiments bouncing x rays off the electrons in graphite atoms. The Compton effect, sometimes called Compton scattering, occurs when an x ray collides with an electron.